日本人之称我中国也，一则曰老大帝国，再则曰老大帝国。是语也，盖袭译欧西人之言也。呜唿！我中国其果老大矣乎？梁启超曰：恶！是何言！是何言！吾心目中有一少年中国在！欲言国之老少，请先言人之老少。老年人常思既往，少年人常思将来。惟思既往也，故生留恋心；惟思将来也，故生希望心。惟留恋也，故保守；惟希望也，故进取。惟保守也，故永旧；惟进取也，故日新。惟思既往也，事事皆其所已经者，故惟知照例；惟思将来也，事事皆其所未经者，故常敢破格。老年人常多忧虑，少年人常好行乐。惟多忧也，故灰心；惟行乐也，故盛气。惟灰心也，故怯懦；惟盛气也，故豪壮。惟怯懦也，故苟且；惟豪壮也，故冒险。惟苟且也，故能灭世界；惟冒险也，故能造世界。老年人常厌事，少年人常喜事。惟厌事也，故常觉一切事无可为者；惟好事也，故常觉一切事无不可为者。老年人如夕照，少年人如朝阳；老年人如瘠牛，少年人如乳虎。老年人如僧，少年人如侠。老年人如字典，少年人如戏文。老年人如鸦片烟，少年人如泼兰地酒。老年人如别行星之陨石，少年人如大洋海之珊瑚岛。老年人如埃及沙漠之金字塔，少年人如西比利亚之铁路；老年人如秋后之柳，少年人如春前之草。老年人如死海之潴为泽，少年人如长江之初发源。此老年与少年性格不同之大略也。任公曰：人固有之，国亦宜然。梁启超曰：伤哉，老大也！浔阳江头琵琶妇，当明月绕船，枫叶瑟瑟，衾寒于铁，似梦非梦之时，追想洛阳尘中春花秋月之佳趣。西宫南内，白发宫娥，一灯如穗，三五对坐，谈开元、天宝间遗事，谱《霓裳羽衣曲》。青门种瓜人，左对孺人，顾弄孺子，忆侯门似海珠履杂沓之盛事。拿破仑之流于厄蔑，阿剌飞之幽于锡兰，与三两监守吏，或过访之好事者，道当年短刀匹马驰骋中原，席卷欧洲，血战海楼，一声叱咤，万国震恐之丰功伟烈，初而拍案，继而抚髀，终而揽镜。呜唿，面皴齿尽，白发盈把，颓然老矣！若是者，舍幽郁之外无心事，舍悲惨之外无天地，舍颓唐之外无日月，舍叹息之外无音声，舍待死之外无事业。美人豪杰且然，而况寻常碌碌者耶？生平亲友，皆在墟墓；起居饮食，待命于人。今日且过，遑知他日？今年且过，遑恤明年？普天下灰心短气之事，未有甚于老大者。于此人也，而欲望以拏云之手段，回天之事功，挟山超海之意气，能乎不能？呜唿！我中国其果老大矣乎？立乎今日以指畴昔，唐虞三代，若何之郅治；秦皇汉武，若何之雄杰；汉唐来之文学，若何之隆盛；康干间之武功，若何之烜赫。历史家所铺叙，词章家所讴歌，何一非我国民少年时代良辰美景、赏心乐事之陈迹哉！而今颓然老矣！昨日割五城，明日割十城，处处雀鼠尽，夜夜鸡犬惊。十八省之土地财产，已为人怀中之肉；四百兆之父兄子弟，已为人注籍之奴，岂所谓“老大嫁作商人妇”者耶？呜唿！凭君莫话当年事，憔悴韶光不忍看！楚囚相对，岌岌顾影，人命危浅，朝不虑夕。国为待死之国，一国之民为待死之民。万事付之奈何，一切凭人作弄，亦何足怪！任公曰：我中国其果老大矣乎？是今日全地球之一大问题也。如其老大也，则是中国为过去之国，即地球上昔本有此国，而今渐澌灭，他日之命运殆将尽也。如其非老大也，则是中国为未来之国，即地球上昔未现此国，而今渐发达，他日之前程且方长也。欲断今日之中国为老大耶？为少年耶？则不可不先明“国”字之意义。夫国也者，何物也？有土地，有人民，以居于其土地之人民，而治其所居之土地之事，自制法律而自守之；有主权，有服从，人人皆主权者，人人皆服从者。夫如是，斯谓之完全成立之国，地球上之有完全成立之国也，自百年以来也。完全成立者，壮年之事也。未能完全成立而渐进于完全成立者，少年之事也。故吾得一言以断之曰：欧洲列邦在今日为壮年国，而我中国在今日为少年国。夫古昔之中国者，虽有国之名，而未成国之形也。或为家族之国，或为酋长之国，或为诸侯封建之国，或为一王专制之国。虽种类不一，要之，其于国家之体质也，有其一部而缺其一部。正如婴儿自胚胎以迄成童，其身体之一二官支，先行长成，此外则全体虽粗具，然未能得其用也。故唐虞以前为胚胎时代，殷周之际为乳哺时代，由孔子而来至于今为童子时代。逐渐发达，而今乃始将入成童以上少年之界焉。其长成所以若是之迟者，则历代之民贼有窒其生机者也。譬犹童年多病，转类老态，或且疑其死期之将至焉，而不知皆由未完成未成立也。非过去之谓，而未来之谓也。且我中国畴昔，岂尝有国家哉？不过有朝廷耳！我黄帝子孙，聚族而居，立于此地球之上者既数千年，而问其国之为何名，则无有也。夫所谓唐、虞、夏、商、周、秦、汉、魏、晋、宋、齐、梁、陈、隋、唐、宋、元、明、清者，则皆朝名耳。朝也者，一家之私产也。国也者，人民之公产也。朝有朝之老少，国有国之老少。朝与国既异物，则不能以朝之老少而指为国之老少明矣。文、武、成、康，周朝之少年时代也。幽、厉、桓、赧，则其老年时代也。高、文、景、武，汉朝之少年时代也。元、平、桓、灵，则其老年时代也。自余历朝，莫不有之。凡此者谓为一朝廷之老也则可，谓为一国之老也则不可。一朝廷之老旦死，犹一人之老且死也，于吾所谓中国者何与焉。然则，吾中国者，前此尚未出现于世界，而今乃始萌芽云尔。天地大矣，前途辽矣。美哉我少年中国乎！玛志尼者，意大利三杰之魁也。以国事被罪，逃窜异邦。乃创立一会，名曰“少年意大利”。举国志士，云涌雾集以应之。卒乃光复旧物，使意大利为欧洲之一雄邦。夫意大利者，欧洲之第一老大国也。自罗马亡后，土地隶于教皇，政权归于奥国，殆所谓老而濒于死者矣。而得一玛志尼，且能举全国而少年之，况我中国之实为少年时代者耶！堂堂四百余州之国土，凛凛四百余兆之国民，岂遂无一玛志尼其人者！龚自珍氏之集有诗一章，题曰《能令公少年行》。吾尝爱读之，而有味乎其用意之所存。我国民而自谓其国之老大也，斯果老大矣；我国民而自知其国之少年也，斯乃少年矣。西谚有之曰：“有三岁之翁，有百岁之童。”然则，国之老少，又无定形，而实随国民之心力以为消长者也。吾见乎玛志尼之能令国少年也，吾又见乎我国之官吏士民能令国老大也。吾为此惧！夫以如此壮丽浓郁翩翩绝世之少年中国，而使欧西日本人谓我为老大者，何也？则以握国权者皆老朽之人也。非哦几十年八股，非写几十年白折，非当几十年差，非捱几十年俸，非递几十年手本，非唱几十年喏，非磕几十年头，非请几十年安，则必不能得一官、进一职。其内任卿贰以上，外任监司以上者，百人之中，其五官不备者，殆九十六七人也。非眼盲则耳聋，非手颤则足跛，否则半身不遂也。彼其一身饮食步履视听言语，尚且不能自了，须三四人左右扶之捉之，乃能度日，于此而乃欲责之以国事，是何异立无数木偶而使治天下也！且彼辈者，自其少壮之时既已不知亚细亚、欧罗巴为何处地方，汉祖唐宗是那朝皇帝，犹嫌其顽钝腐败之未臻其极，又必搓磨之，陶冶之，待其脑髓已涸，血管已塞，气息奄奄，与鬼为邻之时，然后将我二万里山河，四万万人命，一举而界于其手。呜唿！老大帝国，诚哉其老大也！而彼辈者，积其数十年之八股、白折、当差、捱俸、手本、唱喏、磕头、请安，千辛万苦，千苦万辛，乃始得此红顶花翎之服色，中堂大人之名号，乃出其全副精神，竭其毕生力量，以保持之。如彼乞儿拾金一锭，虽轰雷盘旋其顶上，而两手犹紧抱其荷包，他事非所顾也，非所知也，非所闻也。于此而告之以亡国也，瓜分也，彼乌从而听之，乌从而信之！即使果亡矣，果分矣，而吾今年七十矣，八十矣，但求其一两年内，洋人不来，强盗不起，我已快活过了一世矣！若不得已，则割三头两省之土地奉申贺敬，以换我几个衙门；卖三几百万之人民作仆为奴，以赎我一条老命，有何不可？有何难办？呜唿！今之所谓老后、老臣、老将、老吏者，其修身齐家治国平天下之手段，皆具于是矣。西风一夜催人老，凋尽朱颜白尽头。使走无常当医生，携催命符以祝寿，嗟乎痛哉！以此为国，是安得不老且死，且吾恐其未及岁而殇也。任公曰：造成今日之老大中国者，则中国老朽之冤业也。制出将来之少年中国者，则中国少年之责任也。彼老朽者何足道，彼与此世界作别之日不远矣，而我少年乃新来而与世界为缘。如僦屋者然，彼明日将迁居他方，而我今日始入此室处。将迁居者，不爱护其窗栊，不洁治其庭庑，俗人恒情，亦何足怪！若我少年者，前程浩浩，后顾茫茫。中国而为牛为马为奴为隶，则烹脔鞭棰之惨酷，惟我少年当之。中国如称霸宇内，主盟地球，则指挥顾盼之尊荣，惟我少年享之。于彼气息奄奄与鬼为邻者何与焉？彼而漠然置之，犹可言也。我而漠然置之，不可言也。使举国之少年而果为少年也，则吾中国为未来之国，其进步未可量也。使举国之少年而亦为老大也，则吾中国为过去之国，其澌亡可翘足而待也。故今日之责任，不在他人，而全在我少年。少年智则国智，少年富则国富；少年强则国强，少年独立则国独立；少年自由则国自由；少年进步则国进步；少年胜于欧洲，则国胜于欧洲；少年雄于地球，则国雄于地球。红日初升，其道大光。河出伏流，一泻汪洋。潜龙腾渊，鳞爪飞扬。乳虎啸谷，百兽震惶。鹰隼试翼，风尘翕张。奇花初胎，矞矞皇皇。干将发硎，有作其芒。天戴其苍，地履其黄。纵有千古，横有八荒。前途似海，来日方长。美哉我少年中国，与天不老！壮哉我中国少年，与国无疆！“三十功名尘与土，八千里路云和月。莫等闲，白了少年头，空悲切。”此岳武穆《满江红》词句也，作者自六岁时即口受记忆，至今喜诵之不衰。自今以往，弃“哀时客”之名，更自名曰“少年中国之少年”。为我引杯添酒饮，与君把箸击盘歌。诗称国手徒为尔，命压人头不奈何。举眼风光长寂寞，满朝官职独蹉跎。亦知合被才名折，二十三年折太多。黄沙碛里客行迷，四望云天直下低。为言地尽天还尽，行到安西更向西。汉兵已略地，四方楚歌声。大王意气尽，贱妾何聊生！泪荷抛碎璧。正漏云筛雨，斜捎窗隙。林声怨秋色。对小山不迭，寸眉愁碧。凉欺岸帻。暮砧催、银屏翦尺。最无聊、燕去堂空，旧幕暗尘罗额。 行客。西园有分，断柳凄花，似曾相识。西风破屐。林下路，水边石。念寒蛩残梦，归鸿心事，那听江村夜笛。看雪飞、苹底芦梢，未如鬓白。秘阁修撰韩公知婺之明年，以“恣行酷政，民冤无告”劾去。去之日，百姓遮府门愿留者，顷刻合数千人，手持牒以告摄郡事。摄郡事振手止之，辄直前不顾；则受其牒，不敢以闻。明日出府，相与拥车下，道中至不可顿足。则冒禁行城上，累累不绝。拜且泣下，至有锁其喉自誓于公之前者。里巷小儿数十百辈罗马前，且泣下。君为之抆泪，告以君命决不应留；辄柴其关如不闻。日且暮，度不可止，则夺剌史车置道旁，以民间小舆舁至梵严精舍，燃火风雪中围守之。其挟舟走行阙告丞相御史者，盖千数百人而未止。又明日，回泊通波亭，乘间欲以舟去，百姓又相与拥之不置，溪流亦复堰断不可通。乡士大夫惧蚁蝼之微不足以回天听，委曲谕之，且却且行。久乃曰：“愿公徐行，天子且有诏矣。”公首肯之。道稍开，公疾驰径去。后来者咎其徒之不合舍去，责诮怒骂，不啻仇敌。呜唿！大官，所尊也；民，所信也。所尊之劾如彼，而所信之情如此，吾亦不知公之政何如也，将从智者而问之。三入承明。四至九卿。问书生、何辱何荣。金张七叶，纨绮貂缨。无汗马事，不献赋，不明经。成都卜肆。寂寞君平。郑子真、岩谷躬耕。寒灰炙手，人重人轻。除竺干学，得无念，得无名。红蓼花香夹岸稠，绿波春水向东流。小船轻舫好追游。渔父酒醒重拨棹，鸳鸯飞去却回头。一杯销尽两眉愁。游莺无定曲，惊凫有乱行。莲稀钏声断，水广棹歌长。

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shi jie .wei mao xian ye .gu neng zao shi jie .lao nian ren chang yan shi .shao nian ren chang xi shi .wei yan shi ye .gu chang jue yi qie shi wu ke wei zhe .wei hao shi ye .gu chang jue yi qie shi wu bu ke wei zhe .lao nian ren ru xi zhao .shao nian ren ru chao yang .lao nian ren ru ji niu .shao nian ren ru ru hu .lao nian ren ru seng .shao nian ren ru xia .lao nian ren ru zi dian .shao nian ren ru xi wen .lao nian ren ru ya pian yan .shao nian ren ru po lan di jiu .lao nian ren ru bie xing xing zhi yun shi .shao nian ren ru da yang hai zhi shan hu dao .lao nian ren ru ai ji sha mo zhi jin zi ta .shao nian ren ru xi bi li ya zhi tie lu .lao nian ren ru qiu hou zhi liu .shao nian ren ru chun qian zhi cao .lao nian ren ru si hai zhi zhu wei ze .shao nian ren ru chang jiang zhi chu fa yuan .ci lao nian yu shao nian xing ge bu tong zhi da lue ye .ren gong yue .ren gu you zhi .guo yi yi ran .liang qi chao yue .shang zai .lao da ye .xun yang jiang tou pi pa fu .dang ming yue rao chuan .feng ye se se .qin han yu tie .si meng fei meng zhi shi .zhui xiang luo yang chen zhong chun hua qiu yue zhi jia qu .xi gong nan nei .bai fa gong e .yi deng ru sui .san wu dui zuo .tan kai yuan .tian bao jian yi shi .pu .ni shang yu yi qu ..qing men zhong gua ren .zuo dui ru ren .gu nong ru zi .yi hou men si hai zhu lv za da zhi sheng shi .na po lun zhi liu yu e mie .a la fei zhi you yu xi lan .yu san liang jian shou li .huo guo fang zhi hao shi zhe .dao dang nian duan dao pi ma chi cheng zhong yuan .xi juan ou zhou .xue zhan hai lou .yi sheng chi zha .wan guo zhen kong zhi feng gong wei lie .chu er pai an .ji er fu bi .zhong er lan jing .wu hu .mian cun chi jin .bai fa ying ba .tui ran lao yi .ruo shi zhe .she you yu zhi wai wu xin shi .she bei can zhi wai wu tian di .she tui tang zhi wai wu ri yue .she tan xi zhi wai wu yin sheng .she dai si zhi wai wu shi ye .mei ren hao jie qie ran .er kuang xun chang lu lu zhe ye .sheng ping qin you .jie zai xu mu .qi ju yin shi .dai ming yu ren .jin ri qie guo .huang zhi ta ri .jin nian qie guo .huang xu ming nian .pu tian xia hui xin duan qi zhi shi .wei you shen yu lao da zhe .yu ci ren ye .er yu wang yi na yun zhi shou duan .hui tian zhi shi gong .xie shan chao hai zhi yi qi .neng hu bu neng .wu hu .wo zhong guo qi guo lao da yi hu .li hu jin ri yi zhi chou xi .tang yu san dai .ruo he zhi zhi zhi .qin huang han wu .ruo he zhi xiong jie .han tang lai zhi wen xue .ruo he zhi long sheng .kang gan jian zhi wu gong .ruo he zhi xuan he .li shi jia suo pu xu .ci zhang jia suo ou ge .he yi fei wo guo min shao nian shi dai liang chen mei jing .shang xin le shi zhi chen ji zai .er jin tui ran lao yi .zuo ri ge wu cheng .ming ri ge shi cheng .chu chu que shu jin .ye ye ji quan jing .shi ba sheng zhi tu di cai chan .yi wei ren huai zhong zhi rou .si bai zhao zhi fu xiong zi di .yi wei ren zhu ji zhi nu .qi suo wei .lao da jia zuo shang ren fu .zhe ye .wu hu .ping jun mo hua dang nian shi .qiao cui shao guang bu ren kan .chu qiu xiang dui .ji ji gu ying .ren ming wei qian .chao bu lv xi .guo wei dai si zhi guo .yi guo zhi min wei dai si zhi min .wan shi fu zhi nai he .yi qie ping ren zuo nong .yi he zu guai .ren gong yue .wo zhong guo qi guo lao da yi hu .shi jin ri quan di qiu zhi yi da wen ti ye .ru qi lao da ye .ze shi zhong guo wei guo qu zhi guo .ji di qiu shang xi ben you ci guo .er jin jian si mie .ta ri zhi ming yun dai jiang jin ye .ru qi fei lao da ye .ze shi zhong guo wei wei lai zhi guo .ji di qiu shang xi wei xian ci guo .er jin jian fa da .ta ri zhi qian cheng qie fang chang ye .yu duan jin ri zhi zhong guo wei lao da ye .wei shao nian ye .ze bu ke bu xian ming .guo .zi zhi yi yi .fu guo ye zhe .he wu ye .you tu di .you ren min .yi ju yu qi tu di zhi ren min .er zhi qi suo ju zhi tu di zhi shi .zi zhi fa lv er zi shou zhi .you zhu quan .you fu cong .ren ren jie zhu quan zhe .ren ren jie fu cong zhe .fu ru shi .si wei zhi wan quan cheng li zhi guo .di qiu shang zhi you wan quan cheng li zhi guo ye .zi bai nian yi lai ye .wan quan cheng li zhe .zhuang nian zhi shi ye .wei neng wan quan cheng li er jian jin yu wan quan cheng li zhe .shao nian zhi shi ye .gu wu de yi yan yi duan zhi yue .ou zhou lie bang zai jin ri wei zhuang nian guo .er wo zhong guo zai jin ri wei shao nian guo .fu gu xi zhi zhong guo zhe .sui you guo zhi ming .er wei cheng guo zhi xing ye .huo wei jia zu zhi guo .huo wei qiu chang zhi guo .huo wei zhu hou feng jian zhi guo .huo wei yi wang zhuan zhi zhi guo .sui zhong lei bu yi .yao zhi .qi yu guo jia zhi ti zhi ye .you qi yi bu er que qi yi bu .zheng ru ying er zi pei tai yi qi cheng tong .qi shen ti zhi yi er guan zhi .xian xing chang cheng .ci wai ze quan ti sui cu ju .ran wei neng de qi yong ye .gu tang yu yi qian wei pei tai shi dai .yin zhou zhi ji wei ru bu shi dai .you kong zi er lai zhi yu jin wei tong zi shi dai .zhu jian fa da .er jin nai shi jiang ru cheng tong yi shang shao nian zhi jie yan .qi chang cheng suo yi ruo shi zhi chi zhe .ze li dai zhi min zei you zhi qi sheng ji zhe ye .pi you tong nian duo bing .zhuan lei lao tai .huo qie yi qi si qi zhi jiang zhi yan .er bu zhi jie you wei wan cheng wei cheng li ye .fei guo qu zhi wei .er wei lai zhi wei ye .qie wo zhong guo chou xi .qi chang you guo jia zai .bu guo you chao ting er .wo huang di zi sun .ju zu er ju .li yu ci di qiu zhi shang zhe ji shu qian nian .er wen qi guo zhi wei he ming .ze wu you ye .fu suo wei tang .yu .xia .shang .zhou .qin .han .wei .jin .song .qi .liang .chen .sui .tang .song .yuan .ming .qing zhe .ze jie chao ming er .chao ye zhe .yi jia zhi si chan ye .guo ye zhe .ren min zhi gong chan ye .chao you chao zhi lao shao .guo you guo zhi lao shao .chao yu guo ji yi wu .ze bu neng yi chao zhi lao shao er zhi wei guo zhi lao shao ming yi .wen .wu .cheng .kang .zhou chao zhi shao nian shi dai ye .you .li .huan .nan .ze qi lao nian shi dai ye .gao .wen .jing .wu .han chao zhi shao nian shi dai ye .yuan .ping .huan .ling .ze qi lao nian shi dai ye .zi yu li chao .mo bu you zhi .fan ci zhe wei wei yi chao ting zhi lao ye ze ke .wei wei yi guo zhi lao ye ze bu ke .yi chao ting zhi lao dan si .you yi ren zhi lao qie si ye .yu wu suo wei zhong guo zhe he yu yan .ran ze .wu zhong guo zhe .qian ci shang wei chu xian yu shi jie .er jin nai shi meng ya yun er .tian di da yi .qian tu liao yi .mei zai wo shao nian zhong guo hu .ma zhi ni zhe .yi da li san jie zhi kui ye .yi guo shi bei zui .tao cuan yi bang .nai chuang li yi hui .ming yue .shao nian yi da li ..ju guo zhi shi .yun yong wu ji yi ying zhi .zu nai guang fu jiu wu .shi yi da li wei ou zhou zhi yi xiong bang .fu yi da li zhe .ou zhou zhi di yi lao da guo ye .zi luo ma wang hou .tu di li yu jiao huang .zheng quan gui yu ao guo .dai suo wei lao er bin yu si zhe yi .er de yi ma zhi ni .qie neng ju quan guo er shao nian zhi .kuang wo zhong guo zhi shi wei shao nian shi dai zhe ye .tang tang si bai yu zhou zhi guo tu .lin lin si bai yu zhao zhi guo min .qi sui wu yi ma zhi ni qi ren zhe .gong zi zhen shi zhi ji you shi yi zhang .ti yue .neng ling gong shao nian xing ..wu chang ai du zhi .er you wei hu qi yong yi zhi suo cun .wo guo min er zi wei qi guo zhi lao da ye .si guo lao da yi .wo guo min er zi zhi qi guo zhi shao nian ye .si nai shao nian yi .xi yan you zhi yue ..you san sui zhi weng .you bai sui zhi tong ..ran ze .guo zhi lao shao .you wu ding xing .er shi sui guo min zhi xin li yi wei xiao chang zhe ye .wu jian hu ma zhi ni zhi neng ling guo shao nian ye .wu you jian hu wo guo zhi guan li shi min neng ling guo lao da ye .wu wei ci ju .fu yi ru ci zhuang li nong yu pian pian jue shi zhi shao nian zhong guo .er shi ou xi ri ben ren wei wo wei lao da zhe .he ye .ze yi wo guo quan zhe jie lao xiu zhi ren ye .fei o ji shi nian ba gu .fei xie ji shi nian bai zhe .fei dang ji shi nian cha .fei ai ji shi nian feng .fei di ji shi nian shou ben .fei chang ji shi nian nuo .fei ke ji shi nian tou .fei qing ji shi nian an .ze bi bu neng de yi guan .jin yi zhi .qi nei ren qing er yi shang .wai ren jian si yi shang zhe .bai ren zhi zhong .qi wu guan bu bei zhe .dai jiu shi liu qi ren ye .fei yan mang ze er long .fei shou chan ze zu bo .fou ze ban shen bu sui ye .bi qi yi shen yin shi bu lv shi ting yan yu .shang qie bu neng zi liao .xu san si ren zuo you fu zhi zhuo zhi .nai neng du ri .yu ci er nai yu ze zhi yi guo shi .shi he yi li wu shu mu ou er shi zhi tian xia ye .qie bi bei zhe .zi qi shao zhuang zhi shi ji yi bu zhi ya xi ya .ou luo ba wei he chu di fang .han zu tang zong shi na chao huang di .you xian qi wan dun fu bai zhi wei zhen qi ji .you bi cuo mo zhi .tao ye zhi .dai qi nao sui yi he .xue guan yi sai .qi xi yan yan .yu gui wei lin zhi shi .ran hou jiang wo er wan li shan he .si wan wan ren ming .yi ju er jie yu qi shou .wu hu .lao da di guo .cheng zai qi lao da ye .er bi bei zhe .ji qi shu shi nian zhi ba gu .bai zhe .dang cha .ai feng .shou ben .chang nuo .ke tou .qing an .qian xin wan ku .qian ku wan xin .nai shi de ci hong ding hua ling zhi fu se .zhong tang da ren zhi ming hao .nai chu qi quan fu jing shen .jie qi bi sheng li liang .yi bao chi zhi .ru bi qi er shi jin yi ding .sui hong lei pan xuan qi ding shang .er liang shou you jin bao qi he bao .ta shi fei suo gu ye .fei suo zhi ye .fei suo wen ye .yu ci er gao zhi yi wang guo ye .gua fen ye .bi wu cong er ting zhi .wu cong er xin zhi .ji shi guo wang yi .guo fen yi .er wu jin nian qi shi yi .ba shi yi .dan qiu qi yi liang nian nei .yang ren bu lai .qiang dao bu qi .wo yi kuai huo guo liao yi shi yi .ruo bu de yi .ze ge san tou liang sheng zhi tu di feng shen he jing .yi huan wo ji ge ya men .mai san ji bai wan zhi ren min zuo pu wei nu .yi shu wo yi tiao lao ming .you he bu ke .you he nan ban .wu hu .jin zhi suo wei lao hou .lao chen .lao jiang .lao li zhe .qi xiu shen qi jia zhi guo ping tian xia zhi shou duan .jie ju yu shi yi .xi feng yi ye cui ren lao .diao jin zhu yan bai jin tou .shi zou wu chang dang yi sheng .xie cui ming fu yi zhu shou .jie hu tong zai .yi ci wei guo .shi an de bu lao qie si .qie wu kong qi wei ji sui er shang ye .ren gong yue .zao cheng jin ri zhi lao da zhong guo zhe .ze zhong guo lao xiu zhi yuan ye ye .zhi chu jiang lai zhi shao nian zhong guo zhe .ze zhong guo shao nian zhi ze ren ye .bi lao xiu zhe he zu dao .bi yu ci shi jie zuo bie zhi ri bu yuan yi .er wo shao nian nai xin lai er yu shi jie wei yuan .ru jiu wu zhe ran .bi ming ri jiang qian ju ta fang .er wo jin ri shi ru ci shi chu .jiang qian ju zhe .bu ai hu qi chuang long .bu jie zhi qi ting wu .su ren heng qing .yi he zu guai .ruo wo shao nian zhe .qian cheng hao hao .hou gu mang mang .zhong guo er wei niu wei ma wei nu wei li .ze peng luan bian chui zhi can ku .wei wo shao nian dang zhi .zhong guo ru cheng ba yu nei .zhu meng di qiu .ze zhi hui gu pan zhi zun rong .wei wo shao nian xiang zhi .yu bi qi xi yan yan yu gui wei lin zhe he yu yan .bi er mo ran zhi zhi .you ke yan ye .wo er mo ran zhi zhi .bu ke yan ye .shi ju guo zhi shao nian er guo wei shao nian ye .ze wu zhong guo wei wei lai zhi guo .qi jin bu wei ke liang ye .shi ju guo zhi shao nian er yi wei lao da ye .ze wu zhong guo wei guo qu zhi guo .qi si wang ke qiao zu er dai ye .gu jin ri zhi ze ren .bu zai ta ren .er quan zai wo shao nian .shao nian zhi ze guo zhi .shao nian fu ze guo fu .shao nian qiang ze guo qiang .shao nian du li ze guo du li .shao nian zi you ze guo zi you .shao nian jin bu ze guo jin bu .shao nian sheng yu ou zhou .ze guo sheng yu ou zhou .shao nian xiong yu di qiu .ze guo xiong yu di qiu .hong ri chu sheng .qi dao da guang .he chu fu liu .yi xie wang yang .qian long teng yuan .lin zhua fei yang .ru hu xiao gu .bai shou zhen huang .ying sun shi yi .feng chen xi zhang .qi hua chu tai .yu yu huang huang .gan jiang fa xing .you zuo qi mang .tian dai qi cang .di lv qi huang .zong you qian gu .heng you ba huang .qian tu si hai .lai ri fang chang .mei zai wo shao nian zhong guo .yu tian bu lao .zhuang zai wo zhong guo shao nian .yu guo wu jiang ..san shi gong ming chen yu tu .ba qian li lu yun he yue .mo deng xian .bai liao shao nian tou .kong bei qie ..ci yue wu mu .man jiang hong .ci ju ye .zuo zhe zi liu sui shi ji kou shou ji yi .zhi jin xi song zhi bu shuai .zi jin yi wang .qi .ai shi ke .zhi ming .geng zi ming yue .shao nian zhong guo zhi shao nian ..wei wo yin bei tian jiu yin .yu jun ba zhu ji pan ge .shi cheng guo shou tu wei er .ming ya ren tou bu nai he .ju yan feng guang chang ji mo .man chao guan zhi du cuo tuo .yi zhi he bei cai ming zhe .er shi san nian zhe tai duo .huang sha qi li ke xing mi .si wang yun tian zhi xia di .wei yan di jin tian huan jin .xing dao an xi geng xiang xi .han bing yi lue di .si fang chu ge sheng .da wang yi qi jin .jian qie he liao sheng .lei he pao sui bi .zheng lou yun shai yu .xie shao chuang xi .lin sheng yuan qiu se .dui xiao shan bu die .cun mei chou bi .liang qi an ze .mu zhen cui .yin ping jian chi .zui wu liao .yan qu tang kong .jiu mu an chen luo e . xing ke .xi yuan you fen .duan liu qi hua .si zeng xiang shi .xi feng po ji .lin xia lu .shui bian shi .nian han qiong can meng .gui hong xin shi .na ting jiang cun ye di .kan xue fei .ping di lu shao .wei ru bin bai .mi ge xiu zhuan han gong zhi wu zhi ming nian .yi .zi xing ku zheng .min yuan wu gao .he qu .qu zhi ri .bai xing zhe fu men yuan liu zhe .qing ke he shu qian ren .shou chi die yi gao she jun shi .she jun shi zhen shou zhi zhi .zhe zhi qian bu gu .ze shou qi die .bu gan yi wen .ming ri chu fu .xiang yu yong che xia .dao zhong zhi bu ke dun zu .ze mao jin xing cheng shang .lei lei bu jue .bai qie qi xia .zhi you suo qi hou zi shi yu gong zhi qian zhe .li xiang xiao er shu shi bai bei luo ma qian .qie qi xia .jun wei zhi wen lei .gao yi jun ming jue bu ying liu .zhe chai qi guan ru bu wen .ri qie mu .du bu ke zhi .ze duo la shi che zhi dao pang .yi min jian xiao yu yu zhi fan yan jing she .ran huo feng xue zhong wei shou zhi .qi xie zhou zou xing que gao cheng xiang yu shi zhe .gai qian shu bai ren er wei zhi .you ming ri .hui bo tong bo ting .cheng jian yu yi zhou qu .bai xing you xiang yu yong zhi bu zhi .xi liu yi fu yan duan bu ke tong .xiang shi da fu ju yi lou zhi wei bu zu yi hui tian ting .wei qu yu zhi .qie que qie xing .jiu nai yue ..yuan gong xu xing .tian zi qie you zhao yi ..gong shou ken zhi .dao shao kai .gong ji chi jing qu .hou lai zhe jiu qi tu zhi bu he she qu .ze qiao nu ma .bu chi chou di .wu hu .da guan .suo zun ye .min .suo xin ye .suo zun zhi he ru bi .er suo xin zhi qing ru ci .wu yi bu zhi gong zhi zheng he ru ye .jiang cong zhi zhe er wen zhi .san ru cheng ming .si zhi jiu qing .wen shu sheng .he ru he rong .jin zhang qi ye .wan qi diao ying .wu han ma shi .bu xian fu .bu ming jing .cheng du bo si .ji mo jun ping .zheng zi zhen .yan gu gong geng .han hui zhi shou .ren zhong ren qing .chu zhu gan xue .de wu nian .de wu ming .hong liao hua xiang jia an chou .lv bo chun shui xiang dong liu .xiao chuan qing fang hao zhui you .yu fu jiu xing zhong bo zhao .yuan yang fei qu que hui tou .yi bei xiao jin liang mei chou .you ying wu ding qu .jing fu you luan xing .lian xi chuan sheng duan .shui guang zhao ge chang .

（齐宣王）说：“是的(de)。的确有这样（对我误解）的百姓。齐国虽然土地狭小，我怎么至于吝啬一(yi)头牛(niu)？就是因为不忍看它那恐惧战栗的样子，就这样没有罪过却要走向死亡的地方，因此用羊去换它。”
②若耶溪：在今浙江绍兴市南。有新鲜甘美的大龟肥鸡，和上楚(chu)国的酪浆滋味新。
④庖丁：厨师。《庄子·养生》说：庖丁解牛的技艺高妙，因为他能洞悉牛的骨骼肌理，运刀自如，十九年解了数千只牛，其刀刃还同新磨的一样，毫无损伤。文惠君听了庖丁的介绍后，说：“善哉！吾闻庖丁之言，得养生焉。“我虽然面临死亡的危险，毫不后悔自己当初志向。
姥（mǔ）：老妇人。漾水向东方流(liu)去，漳水向正南方奔逝。
⑿草(cao)头露：草头的露水，一会儿就干掉，比喻生前富贵不长久。　　春天的东风还不肯吹进东面的城门，我和你们二人已经骑着马出城去寻找去年我们游玩过的村落了。人就好像秋天的大雁一样，来去都会有音信痕迹可寻。可是往事就好像春天的一场大梦一样，连一点痕迹都没有留下。让我们去江城边上的酒馆，喝上三杯酒家自酿的好酒吧。这里的民风淳朴，乡间的老人会用饱经沧桑的脸孔上温暖的笑容来欢迎你的。我们已经约定了，每年春季的时候都要出东门踏青，所以，我的老朋友们啊，你们就不必因为此事担心挂念了。
京华倦客：作者自谓。京华，指京城，作者久客京师，有厌倦之感，故云。我曾像王维描绘《辋川图》那样，细细品味吴中暮春景物，也常常吟诵王右丞的诗句。定个还乡的归期天公已应许，身上春衫还是小蛮的细针密线，曾浸湿了西湖依依的泪雨。
⑥缣素：供书画用的白色细绢。

　　《《登金陵凤凰台》李白 古诗》是唐代的律诗中脍炙人口的杰作。开头两句写凤凰台的传说，十四字中连用了三个凤字，却不觉得重复，音节流转明快，极其优美。“凤凰台”在金陵凤凰山上，相传南朝刘宋永嘉年间有凤凰集于此山，乃筑台，山和台也由此得名。在封建时代，凤凰是一种祥瑞。当年凤凰来游象征着王朝的兴盛；而“如今”凤去台空，就连六朝的繁华也一去不复返了，只有长江的水仍然不停地流着，大自然才是永恒的存在。 　三四句就“凤去台空”这一层意思进一步发挥。三国时的吴和后来的东晋都建都于金陵。诗人感慨万分地说，吴国昔日繁华的宫廷已经荒芜，东晋的一代风流人物也早已进入坟墓。那一时的烜赫，在历史上也没有留下了什么有价值的东西。
　　诗的最后四句，称赞故友声名，赠玉壶以慰勉朋友要像玉壶之冰为官清正廉洁，呼应题目“奇”字。
　　仅仅作为“闺意”，这首诗已经是非常完整、优美动人的了，然而作者的本意，在于表达自己作为一名应试举子，在面临关系到自己政治前途的一场考试时所特有的不安和期待。应进士科举，对于当时的知识分子来说，乃是和女孩儿出嫁一样的终身大事。如果考取了，就有非常广阔的前途，反之，就可能蹭蹬一辈子。这也正如一个女子嫁到人家，如果得到丈夫和公婆的喜爱，她的地位就稳定了，处境就顺当了，否则，日子就很不好过。诗人的比拟来源于现实的社会生活，在当时的历史条件之下，很有典型性。即使如今看来，读者也不能不对他这种一箭双雕的技巧感到惊叹。
　　《《答王十二寒夜独酌有怀》李白 古诗》这首诗突出反映了李白反权贵精神。诗长、典故多，不太好懂，但要读懂。王十二：是李白的朋友，他有一首《寒夜独酌有怀》的诗赠李白，李白这首诗是答诗，大约写于天宝八载，这已是李白二入长婆以后的事。全诗可分四段：第一段：“昨夜吴中雪一一且须酣畅万古情”。主要写想象中王十二寒夜独自饮酒怀念自己的情景。
　　二是内容上，转换自然贴切。颈联由上文绘眼前景转至写手中诗，聚集“诗”与“梦”。如果说作者于用此诗来表达对友人离别的相思之意，可算是一种自我安慰的话，那么，他与友人分手后只能相见于流水、落花之间的夜梦中，则是一种挥之不去的长久痛苦。此联景情相生，意象互映，自然令人产生惜别的强烈共鸣。
　　李白受老庄影响颇深，也很崇奉道教。一度曾潜心学道，梦想羽化登仙，享受长生之乐。但从这首诗看，他对这种“逆道违天”的思想和行动，是怀疑和否定的。他实际上用自己的诗篇否定了自己的行动。这正反映出诗人的矛盾心理。
　　初降的霜轻轻的附着在瓦上，芭蕉和荷花无法耐住严寒，或折断，或歪斜，惟有那东边篱笆附近的菊花，在寒冷中傲然而立，金粟般的花蕊初开让清晨更多了一丝清香。
　　三联承上而来，从爱怜出发，写了对丈夫的关心和劝戒。诗人絮絮叨叨的嘱咐，殷勤致意，体贴入微，关心备至。既劝子安“莫听凡歌”，切忌“病酒”；又提醒其“休招闲客”，不要“贪棋”。这既可以看出往日夫妻的情深，也可以看出今日身分两地诗人对子安的挂念以及对其乐而忘情的担忧，也正由于有这样的担忧，才有了对昔日盟誓的回忆和对他日重逢的期盼。
　　“援琴鸣弦发清商，短歌微吟不能长。”援：引，拿过来。清商：东汉以来在民间曲调基础上形成的一种新乐调，以悲惋凄清为其特色。短歌：调类名，汉乐府有长歌行、短歌行，是根据“歌声有长短”（《乐府诗集》语）来区分的，大概是长歌多表现慷慨激昂的情怀，短歌多表现低回哀伤的思绪。女主人公在这秋月秋风的夜晚，愁怀难释，她取过瑶琴想弹一支清商曲，以遥寄自己难以言表的衷情，但是口中吟出的都是急促哀怨的短调，总也唱不成一曲柔曼动听的长歌。《礼记·乐记》云：“乐也者，情之不可变者也。”女主人公寂寞忧伤到了极点，即使她想弹别样的曲调，又怎么能弹得成呢？